Витоки фундаментальних математичних задач

Abstract

У статті розглянуті витоки становлення математики як науки. Люди вчилися рахувати тоді ж, коли вони вчилися говорити, і перші назви чисел – ровесники перших слів. Фрідріх Енгельс писав, що десять пальців на руках – найдавніший джерело математичних знань. Ще в самі далекі часи рахунок вважався математично діяльністю. Він був просто необхідний, наприклад, щоб займатися торгівлею або навіть скотарством, адже навіть вигулюють худобу на пасовище, необхідно було стежити за їх кількістю. Щоб було легше справлятися з цим завданням, використовувалися частини тіла, наприклад, пальці на руках і ногах. Тому підтвердженням є наскальні малюнки, що зображають числа, у вигляді зображених в ряд декількох пальців. Інші факти підтверджують появу математики і рахунку. Дана стаття показує наскільки цікаво та важливо знати фундаментальні математичні задачі. He article considers the origins of mathematics as a science. People learned to count at the same time as they learned to speak, and the first names of numbers are the same age as the first words. Friedrich Engels wrote that the ten fingers on his hands – the oldest source of mathematical knowledge. Even in ancient times, arithmetic was considered a mathematical activity. It was simply necessary, for example, to engage in trade or even livestock, because even walking cattle on pasture, it was necessary to monitor their number. To make it easier to cope with this task, parts of the body were used, such as fingers and toes. Therefore, the confirmation is rock drawings depicting numbers in the form of several fingers depicted in a row. Other facts confirm the emergence of mathematics and arithmetic. This article shows how interesting and important it is to know fundamental mathematical problems. In ancient times, long before the advent of our era, three basic concepts of mathematics were formulated: number, quantity and geometric figure. In the process of careful calculation and ordering of animals killed on the hunt, made pots in the workshop, harvested, the concept of a natural number, both quantitative and ordinal. As a result of comparing the masses and volumes of various vessels and objects, man came to understand the concept of magnitude. After some time, a connection was established between natural numbers and quantities, resulting in fractional numbers. They were obtained when the measurement result was not expressed as a natural number. Gradually, through observations and the simplest logical reasoning, people came to simple but ingenious in nature formulas for calculating geometric quantities - lengths, areas, volumes. It follows that at this time arithmetic and geometry were considered parts of one whole. One of the first significant discoveries is the idea of the number itself, as well as the invention of the four basic actions, now familiar to all of us – multiplication, division, addition and subtraction. The first geometric achievements are the simplest concepts, such as line and circle. Further emergence of mathematics and development took place thanks to the Egyptians and Babylonians, about 3000 years BC. Preserved to this day clay tablets with texts give us an idea of the calculations. The simplest arithmetic was needed in the exchange of money, payments for goods, to calculate interest, taxes and more. Different types of construction forced to carry out numerous geometric and arithmetic problems. Another very important task was the calendar, which had to be calculated to determine the timing of work, as well as holidays.